Digital Transformation Assignment: A case study of Natale hospitals

Question

Task:
Your task is to prepare a well-researched and structured digital transformation assignment presenting a research report on the topic of digital transformation of the healthcare management system: A case study of Natale hospitals.

Answer

Introduction:

1.0: Title and names of investigators plus qualifications and affiliations
The research topic selected in the digital transformation assignment is to evaluate the impact of the digital transformation of the healthcare management system: A case study of Natale hospitals.

1.1 Project Summary/Abstract:
1.1.1 Introduction:
The project is mainly focused on the impact of the digital transformation of the Natale Hospital. The project will explore the impact of the digital transformation of the hospital from the traditional paper management system of the hospital. It reviewed some relevant articles and journals by various authors to represent the impact of the digital transformation of the healthcare facilities at Natale Hospital. This project proposal also proposed a research methodology for conducting the further research regarding the research topic. It is identified that primary data collection method and quantitative data analysis process would be best for the researcher to conduct the future research regarding the research topic.

1.2 Background:
Natale Hospital operates its two mine hospitals at Orapa and Jwaneng. The hospital at Orapa has 87 beds and the hospital at Jwaneng has 65 beds. The hospital provides quality healthcare services to its employees, their dependents and the entire community surrounding the mines. Natale hospitals procured its hospital information to improve the working process and digitalize the hospital’s current working process. The Natale hospital aims to adapt to the current evolving needs and also provide sustainable and high-quality healthcare services to their employees, dependents and surrounding community. The hospital at Jwaneng Mine at Debswana was on the road map to deliver the digital transformation of the healthcare management system to deliver high-quality healthcare management system to their clients.

The project aims to manage centrally the implementation of the new digitalized Health Information System to ensure the harmonization and standardization of the hospital management processes of the Natale Hospitals. The project of implementing the new HIS system was completed in the last quarter of 2019. The entire project of implementing the new HIS system at Natale hospital was expected to deliver the following:

• To improve the efficiencies of the hospital management process.
• To reduce the healthcare service time and waiting time for the clients of the hospitals.
• To improve more better and more efficient management system to record the patient's information.
• To streamline the entire business process between the two mine hospitals.
• To improve the entire hospital system support for their clients.

1.3 Rationale for the study:
The study will be conducted in knowing and understanding the significance of digital transformation and how it will help to aid the healthcare operations. It will also help in acknowledging the present and future healthcare in providing the benefits with the use of digitalization system within the healthcare sector. The study requires to understands the efficacy of the digital transformation within the healthcare in implementing the fresh changes in the medical industry. The study will be helpful in gaining the required benefits of digital impact on the healthcare sector within the hospital management system. It can reduce the efficiency of the healthcare staff due to having lack of knowledge regarding the new HIS system. The study will address the gap by reviewing the existing theories regarding the implementation of the HIS system within the hospital and managing the entire operation efficiently by the hospital staff. It will assist the Government of the country in developing the rules and regulations for further implementing the new HIS system at Hospital near Orapa Mine in Botswana.”. The study will also help the Natale Hospitals to identify the gaps in the previous implementation of the HIS system in Debswana and address them efficiently while implementing the new HIS system at Hospital near Orapa mine in Botswana. It will also help academic students to develop their concepts, theories and gain knowledge regarding the impact of the digitalization of the healthcare management system. This knowledge will be also beneficial for future academic students to improve their understandings regarding digitalized healthcare management systems.

1.4 Conceptual Framework:

Fig 1: Conceptual framework

Source: created by author

1.5 Significance of the study:
The study will help in collecting the data regarding how the employees of the Natale Hospitals can easily access the record of every patient through digital transformation. The study will help the Government of the country to analyses the entire study for future references and develop appropriate safety and security policies to support the entire digital transformation of the healthcare management system of the country. The study will demonstrate the necessity and impact of digital transformation within the healthcare that will help in gathering he necessary opinion to the topic. The study will be helpful and beneficial for various stakeholders in the healthcare industry including the Government of the country, private industry and academic centers of the country. The study will be analyzing the different materials concerning the influence of electronic medical records the quality of healthcare and safety. This will provide the relevant significance of digital systems that is very much required in the healthcare and it will benefit the healthcare operations and functions.

The study will gather information regarding the way digital transformation will help in real-time furnishing of all patient-related information for better understanding (Ricciardi et al., 2019

1.6 Research Problem:
The use of information systems in the healthcare industry has been started around for decades. However, the adoption rate of the electronic health records system within the healthcare management system has been very slow. There have many benefits associated with the implementation of the HIS system within the hospitals. Since the inception of the system, there are many complaints raised about the new HIS system. Currently, over 500 calls have been logged with the service provider highlighting some issues with either the system or the users. As result, the study looks into the impact of digitization on hospitals. The medical record is important as it facilities better patient care. The digitization of health records gives medical professionals access to patient data as well as search possibilities. The electronic health record serves as a platform for patients and health professionals to support their decisions when using the electronic record to track patient care. The study will give looks into the benefits of using the digitalized healthcare management system in the Natale hospitals by addressing the issues related to the healthcare management system and user-related complaints.

1.7 Research Question:
What is the impact of the digital transformation and paperless healthcare management system level on user acceptance, satisfaction and understanding level and data and information security level at Natale Hospital?

How will the digital transformation of the hospital management system address the new HIS and traditional healthcare-related issues at Natale Hospitals?

1.8 Aim of the study:
The research aims to investigate the impact of the digital transformation of the healthcare management system of Natale Hospitals. It aims to evaluate the user acceptance level of the new Healthcare Information System of Natale Hospitals. Moreover, it aims to evaluate the understanding of the information security level new HIS system at Natale Hospitals. Moreover, it aims to make the recommendation regarding the way Natale Hospitals can improve their HIS system at Natale Hospitals after implementing the Natale hospitals.

1.9 Objectives of the study:

• To discuss the impact of the digital transformation of the healthcare management system of the Natale Hospitals.
• To discuss the user acceptance level of the new HIS system at Natale Hospitals.
• To investigate the information security level of the new HIS system at Natale Hospitals.-
• To provide the recommendations to improve the HIS system of Natale Hospitals after implementation.

1.10 Conceptual Definitions:
Conceptual definition refers to the identification and presentation of terms and concepts in the research and its impacts on various aspects of the research. The main concept of new HIS system will help the entire hospital management system of Natale hospitals to use the electronic healthcare record systems for storing the details of patients, use of computers to store the information about staff and other stakeholders of the hospital to retrieve the information automatically whenever it is required. The conceptual definitions for various essential elements or factors within the research have been presented in details below.

Digital transformation: The concept of digital transformation refers to the use of various modern digital technologies to create or modify existing business process or operations (Baiyere, Salmela & Tapanainen, 2020). It ensures the use of digital media for various business operations.

Healthcare: Healthcare refers to the idea of maintenance or improvement of health via the use of solutions such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment and more. The proper provision of healthcare ensures better lifestyle and safety conditions for people.

Hospital information systems (HIS): The Hospital Information Systems refer to a technology-driven system that enables the procedure of sharing safeguarded health information (PHI) among the organizations and providers with no hassle. This system also enables, patients and capable of getting seamless and integrated treatment by the healthcare provider (Kuo et al. 2018). This definition will help in knowing the efficacy of the healthcare system in imparting the needs of patient.

This technology focuses on the use of the digital transformation concept within the healthcare system. The digital transformation refers to the implementation of digital operations of various healthcare service operations. It would support healthcare providers in streamlining operations, understand the need of the patient, building loyalty and trusting and offering an optimum user experience.

Sustainable healthcare: The concept of sustainable healthcare involves the provision of treatment and medical care services without affecting the environment in any negative way. It focuses towards care service while maintaining environmental safety and preventing any negative impacts on the ecosystem.

Data information security: Data information security deals with the protection of critical data within an organisation or healthcare brand which may contribute to vulnerabilities of people such as employees, patients, customers and more (Cilliers, 2020). It ensures that essential or sensitive data do not fall into the wrong hands.

Digitisation: Digitization refers to the idea of converting information from analogue to digital for storing and utilizing them over the long-term (Bhambere Abhishek & Sumit, 2021). The digitization of healthcare processes mainly involves the storing of analogue records within online systems.

Technology: Technology are modern ideas, concepts, innovations, equipment or devices that contribute to better sustainability in regards to lifestyle and business operations. These are artificially made applications of ideas that lead to easier living.

As per the conceptual framework, the appropriate leadership style may support the Digital transformation of the hospital management system that will help the staff in managing data and information related to patients, healthcare facilities and helps healthcare providers to complete the job effectively. It will help in managing the data related to all the departments of Natale hospital including clinical, financial, materials, inpatient, laboratory, operation theatre, outpatient services, pharmaceutical, and nursing, pathology and radiology department (Ricciardi et al., 2019). It will also improve the data and information security level of storing the private and personal record of the patient and hospitals to maintain the transparency of the entire hospital management system.

1.10 Operational Definition:
The operational definition refers to a measure of the variables within the study and a strategic action that is ready for use. Operations management is revered as the operation, design, and improvement concerning the procedure and systems that would help in creating and delivering the required organization's health care services (Benjaafar & Hu, 2020). The operations within the HIS defines legal, financial, administrative, and quality improvement activities within the healthcare for running the business and supporting the core functions for treatment. The operations executed within the organization possesses a capability in delivering quality and cost-effective products and services to the patients. The study will explore the difference between paper-based and paperless health care management systems. Moreover, it will explain the way a paperless health care management system will improve the operational efficiency of Natale hospital.

The operational definitions of various factors or ideas within the study have been presented as follows:

Digital transformation: Digital transformation deals with tracking the business processes, cultures and customer experiences to create or modify business operational processes to work within a new and improved digital or online environment that allows efficiency in business functionality (Fischer et al. 2020).

Healthcare: Healthcare refers to a service provided by hospitals, clinics and other care service organisations which includes using innovation to develop medical services and treatments that can have positive impacts on continued positive lifestyle and safety of people.

Hospital Information Systems: The HIS system is a modern technology used within healthcare organizations which can operate via the use of IoT (Internet of Things) devices or other technologies such as the AI system in order to collect sensory data such as patient health conditions and more (Shah & Chircu, 2018). Similarly, the system can also integrate a Records Management System (RMS) that can allow users to enter patient records within the system and thus can allow efficient operations and high-value healthcare service. The operations management within the healthcare is very much essential for effective functionality and provision concerning the health services. The benefits of using the new HIS system will be measured by the way the new HIS system will increase the efficiency of healthcare operations and reduce the scope for medical errors. Moreover, the way it will improve the data security level and make the data retrieval process easier than a traditional hospital management system.

Sustainable healthcare: Sustainable healthcare involves the use of innovation to develop new and improved ways for health issue treatments that do not harm the environment (Tun, 2019). This involves the prevention of utilisation of plant or animal-based products for the management of various health issues contributing to negative lifestyle conditions for patients and care service users.

Data information security: Data Information Security involves the storage of information within protected programs or services such as encrypted databases, cloud services, authorized information systems and more which can help to prevent access to the data by people with no authorizations, hackers, data thieves and more.

Digitisation: Digitization may involve the entry of individual analogue data into digital form by manual inclusion or via the use of IoT (Internet of Things) or sensor devices to track and store essential information in online digital information storage systems (Shah & Chircu, 2018). This may include the storage of data within Records Management Systems (RIS), Management Information Systems (MIS) or cloud service storages.

Technology: Technology refers to the application of innovation and brainstorming in order to identify new ideas that can contribute to better lifestyle, safety, security and growth and execute the application of these ideas in real life for the achievement of goals. The implementation of technology leads to constant growth in the modern world.

1.11 Study variables:

Chapter Two:

Introduction:
The section reviews different journals and articles by the various authors to review the research topic “Impact of the digital transformation of the healthcare management system at Natale Hospital”. It helps in demonstrating in-depth knowledge regarding the topic by removing the gaps in the research, questions left from the other articles and journals and conflicts and issues in previous studies etc.

2.0 Literature Review:

Impact of the Digital transformation of Healthcare management system:

Gopal, Suter-Crazzolara, Toldo and Eberhardt. (2019) stated that healthcare providers across all over the world are now facing the single challenge to improve the patients' outcomes at an affordable cost. The digital transformation of the healthcare management system through the integration of advanced healthcare technologies like advanced analytics, the Internet of Things, Artificial Technologies, Machine Learning is the key component to tackle the healthcare challenges. It leads to improvements in prevention, diagnostics and patient therapy. The implementation of advanced healthcare technologies influences real-time interactions between physicians. Ricciardi et al. (2019) stated The facility of the real-time interactions increases allows the healthcare physicians to monitor the patient’s health “live” instead of interacting with the people once a week. The digitalization of the entire healthcare sector helps the healthcare staff to streamline the healthcare operations, understand the queries of the patient, build a trustworthy and loyal based relationship with patients to offer a better user experience. The digitalization of the healthcare management system at Natale Hospital will help the hospital to apply more innovative and creative next-generation data management systems like data analytics and machine learning facility instead of the paper-based data management system. It will help in improving the business performance of the hospital in future. Haggerty (2017) found that digitalization in healthcare helps in enhancing the operational efficiency of organizations. It leads to innovation and better healthcare facilities for patients that optimize the positive outcomes for the individual patient. The digitalized technology in the healthcare facilities influences the healthcare staff to apply the data-driven innovative techniques to increase the positive outcomes for individual patients. It also guides the researchers and caregivers to use a more sophisticated evidence-based decision-making process to enhance the overall healthcare experiences of the patients. Currently, the digitalized healthcare system is used by the majority numbers of healthcare professionals and healthcare consumers, due to its flexibility and cost-effective strategy to utilize highly valued healthcare facilities in hospitals. 

Impact of the digitalized healthcare facilities on user acceptance level:

Pihir, Tomi?i?-Pupek and Tomi?i? Furjan (2019) stated Telemedicine evolution is one example of digital transformation in the healthcare system. Implementation of telemedicine and telehealth technology at Natale Hospital will help in developing virtual appointments between the doctors and patients. It will facilitate communication between patients (from local, regional, international and national remote areas) and doctors. It will help the healthcare professional to easily provide e-prescription to the healthcare consumers and monitor the patient’s health more significantly. In 2019, the World Health Organization developed a strong framework for adopting innovative and creative digital technology to improve the healthcare activities in healthcare organizations. The hospital authority can also use the big data technology in their healthcare facility to avoid preventable diseases, enhance the quality of the life, forecast the outbreaks of the epidemic and reduce the cost of the treatment. It will increase the data safety and security level at Natale Hospital (Korachi & Bounabat, 2020). It will prevent any type of human errors like prescribing the wrong medicine to patients by mistake. The utilization of the Internet of Things in the healthcare management system will help healthcare physicians to track the health performance of patients continuously and take the necessary actions accordingly. With the utilization of home monitoring equipment embedded with wearable devices and IoT Sensors, healthcare professionals can easily monitor the health performance of the patients in real-time. Walsh and Rumsfeld (2017) found that IoT devices embedded with IoT sensors will also help the healthcare staff to monitor the real-time location of the medical equipment like oxygen pumps, wheelchairs, other equipment and nebulizers etc. It will help in increasing more personalized services for patients. Virtual Reality is another digital technology that helps in improving the healthcare experiences of patients. VR technology is also used in pain reduction therapies. As an example, the National hospital of Children in Washington, DC organized a program in 2019 and they use VR headsets for the children who required the following procedures such as removing sutures, stitches etc. After that, VR headsets of children connected to the different screens like walking through the road, jungles, riding a roller coaster etc. to divert the children’s mind and tolerate the pain peacefully. Belliger and Krieger (2018) stated that the digitalization of their paper-based healthcare management system into the paperless healthcare system by utilizing AI technology will help the Natale hospital to predict and diagnose any disease faster than the medical professionals. Blockchain technology is another example of emerging technology in healthcare facilities. It is considered to be a computerized database of healthcare transactions. 

Challenges related to information security level:

Warraich, Califf and Krumholz, (2018) stated that Natale Hospital can face challenges while digitally transforming the healthcare system due to incurring the cost of implementing the digital technology. They can face the fear of change by the hospital staff and barriers to handling the data security in the electronic records. They can also face the challenges of managing the silo effect among the healthcare staff to handle the various isolated data chunks in the healthcare system. Cybersecurity is also a major challenge in the healthcare system. User authentication deficiencies and excessive permission for user and endpoint leakage are the three most vulnerabilities in the digital transformation of the healthcare system. Illegal and unauthenticated access to healthcare data can increase security related issues within the Natale Hospital. Walsh and Rumsfeld (2017) found that the data security and privacy challenges associated with the increasing amount of data sharing and collection systems can also increase the challenge for Natale hospital. Moreover, language barriers, interconversion between digital and analogue images, handwritten notes’ interpretability are also challenges while implementing digital technology in the healthcare system. Moreover, providing training to healthcare professionals, including nurses, front-end executives, patients, other healthcare consumers and technicians can be also a challenge for the Natale Hospital.

3.0 Methodology:

Study Design: It would be better to use the primary data collection method and descriptive research design to represent the in-depth knowledge regarding the research topic (Atmowardoyo, 2018). Descriptive research design is depicted as a variety of research design that focuses on obtaining the information systematically for describing a phenomenon, situation, or population. Explanatory research is a revered as a research method that will help in exploring something that occurs when restricted information is available.  Explanatory research may also be addressed as a “cause and effect” model, examining the trends and patterns within existing data that is not previously examined. The use of descriptive research design will be considered and reason is it will help in providing an effective response specifically to the research question clearly stating the points.It will help the researcher to collect relevant data in the respect of per objective identified in the research proposal. The researcher will conduct the survey among the healthcare staff to collect their perspectives about the impact of the digitalization of the healthcare system at Natale Hospitals. 

Study Site and data collection process:The researcher will conduct the survey among the healthcare staff of the Natale Hospital in Zambia, East Africa. It will help the researcher to collect more accurate and reliable data based on the perspectives of the healthcare staff of Natale Hospitals regarding the digital transformation of the entire healthcare management system. The researcher can conduct the survey through online Google Forms and send the request through the email of the participants to inspire them to involve in the survey process. 

Population/study frame: The researcher will conduct the survey among the nurses and doctors of the Natale hospital to collect their perspectives regarding the digital transformation of healthcare facilities within the hospital. 

Sample Size and Sampling technique:  The researcher will conduct the survey among 50 nurses, doctors and administrative staffs of the Natale hospital to collect relevant information regarding their perspective about the digital transformation of the healthcare facilities within the Natale Hospital (Kabukcu & Chabal, 2021). The researcher will use the simple random probability sampling method to select the participants for the survey.

Inclusion exclusion criteria: 

Data Management and data processing system:

The researcher will use the realism research philosophyto conduct the research on the topic to collect the real facts regarding the research topic. It mainly relies on the independent idea of reality from the human mind to develop knowledge regarding the research topic (Taylor, 2018). It will be better to use a deductive research approach to manage the collected information and develop the relationship between actual concepts and identified variables in the research (Benitez-Correa, Gonzalez-Torres, & Vargas-Saritama, 2019). It will help the researcher to measure each identified research objective quantitatively and generalize the findings from the research based on a certain extent. The researcher will use the quantitative research strategyto collect the information from the primary data collection methods through a survey among the nurses and doctors of the Natale Hospitals (Mazhar, Anjum, Anwar & Khan, 2021). It will help the researcher to process the data efficiently represent the data in the statistical format through graphs and charts. The above identified approach and procedures will help the researcher to obtain relevant information regarding per objective identified in the research proposal.

Data analysis:

It would be better to use the quantitative data analysis method to analyses the collected information from the survey. It will help the researcher to collect accurate information from the larger sample size. It will help the researcher to offer reliable information regarding the topic and each identified objective related to the topic. Data will be analyzed by using frequency distribution method. It will help in representing a large amount of data into the statistical format through graphs and charts (Van Hoof et al., 2018). It will increase the confidence level of making decisions regarding further research regarding the particular topic. 

Ethical considerations:

The researcher will be liable for maintaining the research ethics while conducting the survey among the nurses and doctors within the Natale Hospitals to avoid the risks of loss of confidentiality. The researcher should clarify all the rules and regulations while conducting the survey among the participants through the Google Form format (Van Hoof et al., 2018). The researcher should be liable for maintaining the privacy and confidentiality of the personal information of the participants after conducting the survey through Google Form. The data protection act of Zambia Governmentshould be maintained by the researcher to maintain the ethical rules and regulations of the research. The researcher should be liable for developing the questionnaires and ethically conducting the research by maintaining all rules and regulations of ancillary care services. It will help in offering the proper health care facilities to participants to mitigate the issues regarding any harm due to participating in the survey process.

4.0 Budget:

It is estimated cost for conducting the research regarding the impact of the digital transformation in the healthcare management system at Natale Hospital in Zambia. The researcher should use the licensed and premium version of Google Forms while conducting the survey. The approximate cost of using the licensed version of Google Form would be 200 ZK. The researcher should be liable for using the licensed version of Microsoft Excel to analyses the collected information from the survey and represents it in a graph and chart format. It will help in offering more accurate and reliable data from the entire research. The approximate cost of using the licensed version of Microsoft excel would be 2655 ZK. The researcher should notify the nurses and doctors through email notifications and other social media notification facilities. The approximate cost of dissemination would be 200 ZK. The researcher should be liable for organizing meetings with the doctors and nurses to influence them to participate in the survey process. It is estimated that the approximate cost of travelling would be 190 ZK. It is estimated that the printing cost for printing the survey results and analysis report would be 498 ZK to conduct the entire research appropriately.

5.0 Time Frame:

6.0 Potential Pitfalls and alternative strategies:

7.0 Deliverables and Dissemination plan:
The researcher can inform the participants through the emails before two days of conducting the survey by sharing the information regarding the importance of conducting the research regarding the impact of the digital transformation in the healthcare facilities at Natale hospitals. The researcher will deliver the questionnaires through emails and WhatsApp of the participants to influence them to participate in the research process.

The research on digital transformation assignment will help in getting the information regarding the impact of the digital transformation of the entire healthcare system at Natale Hospital. It will help in getting the information regarding the user acceptance level, satisfaction and understanding level of stakeholders and data security level of the digitalized healthcare system at Natale Hospital.

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