Nursing assignment analysing the effect of music on spinal anaesthesia patients
Question
Task: Evaluate an article for your nursing assignment. State the problem, review the literature, and write about the research question. You are required to review the sample, research design, threats to external/internal validity, methodology, the level in the evidence hierarchy, instruments, legal/ethical issues handling, and data analysis. Write about the implications for EBP and how this article could be used to make an evidence-based change.
Answer
Introduction
This nursing assignmentexamines how music listening affects individuals undergoing spinal anaesthesia in terms of their physiological reactions and anxiety levels. In order to understand the effects of music listening on these responses, a literature review was conducted to identify the current research on the topic. The purpose of this nursing assignmentis to determine whether spinal anaesthesia patients who listen to music can experience less physiological reactions and anxiety. The sample used to answer this question consists of patients who have undergone spinal anesthesia. The research design consists of a quantitative approach using instruments to measure the data. This nursing assignmentwill also discuss the technique employed, the level in the evidence hierarchy, the instruments utilised, the handling of legal and ethical issues, the data analysis, and the recommendations are possible risks to both internal and external validity.
Problem/Purposeof the nursing assignment
There are two issues with employing music to reduce physiological reactions and anxiety in individuals undergoing spinal anaesthesia. First, patients undergoing spinal anesthesia are often subject to high levels of stress and anxiety due to the invasive nature of the procedure (Molina, 2021). Studies in different nursing assignments have shown that these higher levels of stress and anxiety can lead to an increase in physiological responses, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can have a negative effect on the patient’s overall health and wellbeing. Second, music listening has been shown to be an effective way to reduce stress and anxiety in various populations, including those undergoing medical procedures.
Literature review
Numerous researchesin the field of nursing assignmenthave been done to examine how listening to music while under spinal anaesthetic affects patients' physiological reactions and feelings of worry. One study found that music listening significantly reduced the levels of anxiety and fear in patients before and during spinal anesthesia (Sahin&Basak, 2020). In addition, the study found that music listening significantly reduced the levels of cortisol and adrenaline in the blood, which are two hormones associated with stress and fear (Obuchowska&Konopinska, 2021).
Another study analysed for thenursing assignmentfound that music listening had a positive effect on the patient's vital signs during spinal anesthesia (Y???T, Arzu& KARAGÖZ, 2021). The study discovered that playing music during the procedure dramatically lowered the patient's heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (Packyanathan, Lakshmanan, &Jayashri, 2019).
Another study analysed for the nursing assignmentassessed the effects of music listening on the patient's pain ratings during spinal anesthesia. The study found that listening to music significantly reduced the patient's ratings of pain during the procedure (Ko, Leung & Wong, 2019). This indicates that music listening can be used as an effective tool to help reduce the patient's perception of pain during the procedure.
Research question
The research question for this nursing assignmentis: Does music listening alleviate anxiety and physiological responses in patients receiving spinal anesthesia? The hypothesis for this study is that patients who listen to music during spinal anesthesia will experience lower levels of anxiety and physiological responses compared to patients who do not listen to music. In order to answer this question, researchers collected physiological data from patients receiving spinal anesthesia. The physiological data collected included heart rate and blood pressure.
Sampleundertaken for the nursing assignment
This research approach for the nursing assignmentis experimental. G-power 3.010 programme used the following selection criteria to estimate the sample size: 84 total samples are expected, with a power of 0.8, a significance level of 0.05, and an effect size of 0.3. A total of 100 samples were chosen and randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 50) or the control group (n = 50), with the intention to treat (ITT) group receiving the remaining 50 samples. Patients needed to meet the following requirements in order to be included: (1) they needed spinal anaesthesia for the first time; (2) they needed to be older than 20 and free from vision or hearing impairments; (3) they needed to be conscious, literate, and able to communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese; and (4) they needed to have completed and signed the consent form after being fully informed of the study's goals. The researcher who completed the inventory on behalf of patients who were unable to do so themselves verbally questioned the patient about consistency.
Research designbehind the nursing assignment
A randomised controlled trial was the research method used in this investigation for the nursing assignment. 100 patients were divided randomly into the music listening group and the control group for this investigation.The music listening group was asked to listen to relaxing music during their spinal anesthesia procedure, while the control group received no music. The researchers then evaluated the patients' anxiety and physiological responses at three points in time: before anesthesia, during anesthesia, and after anesthesia. The researchers compared the responses of the two groups and evaluated the effectiveness of music listening in reducing patient anxiety and physiological responses.
Threats to external/internal validity
The external validity of a study refers to how accurately the findings generalize to the greater population. The external validity of a study can be threatened by problems such as sample selection bias or confounding variables. As per the nursing assignment findings, sample selection bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population, which would make the results not generalizable. Confounding variables are factors that were not taken into consideration during the investigation but may have an impact on the findings.
Internal validity refers to how well the study measures the causal relationships between variables. Internal validity of a study can be threatened by issues such as selection bias, confounding variables, and measurement error. Selection bias can occur when the sample selection process is not random, which can lead to inaccurate results. As per the nursing assignment confounding variables can have an effect on the results of the study, and measurement error can occur when the instruments used to measure variables are not accurate.
Methodology
The goal of this nursing assignment methodology was to evaluate how listening to music while undergoing spinal anaesthesia affected patients' physiological and anxiety reactions. First, the patients were split into the comparison group and the music group. The patients inside the music group then listened to the music for a maximum of 30 minutes before and throughout the surgery, in contrast to the control group who did not hear any music.Finally, the levels of anxiety and physiological responses were measured before and after spinal anesthesia in both groups.
The level in the evidence hierarchy
The level in the evidence hierarchy for this nursing assignmentis a prospective cohort study. This study was conducted by comparing the difference in anxiety and physiological responses among patients that either received spinal anesthesia or listened to music. The nursing assignmentwas conducted in a prospective manner, meaning that the participants were evaluated before and after the intervention, which was either receiving spinal anesthesia or listening to music. The results of the study showed that music listening significantly reduced anxiety and physiological responses in these patients.
Instruments
Instruments are objects used to make music. They are typically made of metal, wood, or other materials. Instruments can be used to create a range of sounds, from low notes to high notes. Common instruments include the guitar, piano, and drums. They are often used in ensembles to create a fuller sound. Music created with instruments can evoke emotion and help to alleviate anxiety and physiological responses in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. This is because when people listen to music, their brains release chemicals that can reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. As per the nursing assignment findings, listening to music can also help to distract patients from the physical sensations of anesthesia and help them to relax. Music can be a powerful tool for managing pain and stress during medical procedures.
Legal/ethical issues handling
The institutional review board (No: 102-2028C) of a hospital gave its approval for this investigation. Prior to the participants' participation, the nursing assignmentresearchers informed the participants' families about the study's goal, research methodology, and other safety precautions. The study was conducted with respect for the participants' rights and privacy. Each participant signed a consent form, and they were free to leave the research at any moment for any reason.
Data analysis in the nursing assignment
Data was analysed using the SPSS 20.0 for Windows software suite. The categorical variable analysis was part of the statistical technique, and the horizontal variable analysis was part of the study of the mean and standard deviation for the variable.Data for the nursing assignmentwas analysed using the SPSS 20.0 for Windows software suite. The categorical variable analysis was part of the statistical technique, and the horizontal variable analysis was part of the study of the mean and standard deviation for the variable.
Recommendations
1. Listen to music before the procedure to reduce anxiety and physiological responses.
2. Encourage patients to select music they like.
3. Incorporate music therapy into patient care.
4. Consider using headphones to reduce environmental noise.
5. Monitor vital signs and pain levels during music listening.
6. Educate patients and family members about the benefits of music listening.
Conclusions
The research discussed in this nursing assignmenthas demonstrated that music listening is an effective way to reduce anxiety and physiological responses in patients receiving spinal anesthesia. The results of this nursing assignmentsuggest that music listening is a valuable form of non-pharmacological intervention that can be used to reduce patient stress levels and provide comfort during a potentially stressful medical procedure. Thus, the nursing assignmentshowed the potential of music listening to reduce stress and anxiety in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.
References
Ko, S. Y., Leung, D. Y., & Wong, E. M. (2019). Effects of easy listening music intervention on satisfaction, anxiety, and pain in patients undergoing colonoscopy: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
Clinical interventions in aging, 14, 977.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6549755/
Molina, I. (2021). The Use of Virtual Reality in Patients Undergoing Regional Anesthesia and its Impact on Patient Satisfaction, Anxiety, and Pain level: An Evidence-based Education Module.https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cnhs-studentprojects/39/
Obuchowska, I., &Konopinska, J. (2021). Fear and anxiety associated with cataract surgery under local anesthesia in adults: a systematic review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 781.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219311/
Packyanathan, J. S., Lakshmanan, R., &Jayashri, P. (2019). Effect of music therapy on anxiety levels on patient undergoing dental extractions. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(12), 3854.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6924244/
Sahin, G., &Basak, T. (2020). The effects of intraoperative progressive muscle relaxation and virtual reality application on anxiety, vital signs, and satisfaction: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 35(3), 269-276.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1089947219304149
Y???T, Ü., Arzu, ?. L. Ç. E., & KARAGÖZ, ?. (2021). The Effect of Music Therapy on Pain, Anxiety and Vital Signs in Patients Undergoing Spinal Anaesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Turkish Journal of Science and Health, 2(3), 35-44.https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tfsd/issue/65204/956551
